Eyebrow reconstruction by simple elliptical excision with beveled incision – A case series of twelve patients

INTRODUCTION

Eyebrows play an important role in human face recognition, eyebrows may serve as high-contrast lines that give the appearance of the brow greater clarity and emphasis, and their associated musculature allows for sophisticated, often involuntary gestures that may be discerned from a relatively large distance.¹ Eyebrows have important functions concerning facial recognition, sexual dimorphism, facial expression, and facial esthetics. Eyebrow defects are caused by trauma, burns, and excision of tumors. Esthetically unappealing eyebrow scars, for which treatment can sometimes be challenging, although it is with several options. There are various scar revision methods such as direct approximation, advancement flaps (Z-plasty, A-T, O-T, O-H, O-U, and O-L flaps), rotation flaps, skin grafts, tissue expansion, and microvascular transfer.^2,3 These choices vary from patient to patient and must be carefully considered on a case-to-case basis by a dermatosurgeon. Hence, a proper way of scar reconstruction along with experience, and meticulous planning helps in achieving the best surgical outcome. Hence, this article will pose an overview of eyebrow reconstruction techniques with esthetically best outcomes and retaining the normal eyebrow hairline.

CASE SERIES

Material and methods

Our study is an observational study conducted in a private skin and hair clinic in Western India for 2 years from 2019 to 2021. A total of 12 patients with eyebrow defects were treated with simple elliptical excision and direct approximation. The objectives and purpose of the study were explained to all patients, in their preferred language. After obtaining consent, a detailed history, clinical examination pertaining to the aim of the study, and clinical photographs as per international standards were recorded in a specially performed format designed for this study. Patients were also subjected to evaluation of defects such as scar and tumor properties which are essential before reconstruction. It includes visual, tactile, and sensory assessments. Visual assessments consist of scar color, height, and surface appearance, whereas sensory assessments include itching and pain, which represent scar instability.⁴ Tactile assessments include elasticity and pliability, with good pliability regarded as smooth movements of scars in various directions and good elasticity as the scar being more than 50% of the height of surrounding healthy tissue.⁵ Patients underwent baseline investigations and were then opted for surgery.

Procedure

After prepping the surgical field with betadine and spirit, the site was marked according to the size and shape of the defect using a skin marker. With the help of surgical blade no. 11, beveled skin incisions along the direction of hair follicles were made to prevent the transection of hair follicles, and the skin was excised in a single stroke to avoid overlapping and cross-hatching [Figure 1]. The wound closure was done by subcutaneous buried 6–0 polyamide black non-absorbable suture followed by a cutaneous vertical mattress using 6–0 polyamide black. The sutured site was cleaned using betadine and normal saline. The post-procedure photographs were taken and were packed taking all aseptic precautions. Suture removal was done on the 7^th day.

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Figure 1:

Illustration of surgical technique.

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Evaluation

Photographs were captured at the following visits: First visit, 7^th day of the procedure after suture removal, at the end of 1 month, and 3 months for the assessment of the scar. The overall outcomes of scars are assessed by the Physician and Subject Global Esthetic Improvement Scale in 3^rd month [Table 1].

Table 1: Physician global esthetic improvement scale.

Grade	Degree	Description
1	Exceptional improvement	Excellent corrective result
2	Very improved patient	Marked improvement of the appearance, but not completely optimal
3	Improved patient	Improvement of the appearance is better compared with the initial condition, but a touch-up is advised
4	Unaltered patient	The appearance substantially remains the same compared with the original condition
5	Worsened patient	The appearance has worsened compared with the original condition

Results

A total of 12 patients were enrolled in our study, among which 8 (66%) were males and 4 (33%) were females. Age at presentation ranged from 19 to 44 years with a mean age of 29.5 years [Table 2].

Table 2: Demographic parameters.

Sex/Age	<20 years	21–40 years	41–60 years	>60 years
M (8)	1	5	2	0
F (4)	0	3	1	0

M: Male, F: Female

All patients had unilateral eyebrow involvement. Out of 12 patients, 10 patients were treated for post-traumatic scar, one for burn scar, and one for tumor [Table 3].

Table 3: Clinical characteristics.

Characteristics	Value (n=12)
Eyebrow involvement
Unilateral	12
Bilateral	0
Cause of defect/scar
Trauma	10
Burn	1
Tumor	1
Others	0

For assessment of improvement, the Global Esthetic Improvement Scale was used 7 days after and 3 months after treatment [Figures 2-6]. After day 7, 6 (50%) patients showed very improvement (Grade 2) and 6 (50%) patients showed improvement (Grade 3). On assessing further after 3 months, 4 (33%) patients showed exceptional improvement (Grade 1), 6 (50%) patients showed very improvement (Grade 2), and 12 (17%) patients showed improvement (Grade 3) [Table 4]. No complications such as pigmentary changes, secondary infections, or dehiscence were noted in any of the patients.

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Figure 2:

Case 1.

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Figure 3:

Case 2.

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Figure 4:

Case 3.

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Figure 5:

Case 4.

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Figure 6:

Case 5.

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Table 4: Physician global esthetic improvement scale after day 7 and after 3 months.

Case no.	Global Esthetic Improvement Scale
	7 days after reconstruction		3 months after reconstruction
	Grade	Degree	Grade	Degree
1	2	Very improved patient	1	Exceptional improvement
2	3	Improved patient	2	Very improved patient
3	2	Very improved patient	1	Exceptional improvement
4	2	Very improved patient	2	Very improved patient
5	3	Improved patient	3	Improved patient
6	3	Improved patient	2	Very improved patient
7	2	Very improved patient	2	Very improved patient
8	2	Very improved patient	1	Exceptional improvement
9	3	Very improved patient	2	Very improved patient
10	3	Improved patient	3	Improved patient
11	2	Very improved patient	1	Exceptional improvement
12	3	Improved patient	2	Very improved patient

DISCUSSION

The forehead is a challenging regional esthetic unit. The skin is almost fixed to the frontal muscle, and the skin expansibility concerning the relaxed skin tension lines is limited.^6,7 Ideally, the skin incision is considered to be placed at 90° about the skin to get perfect wound edge adaptation. The incision on hair-bearing tissues, such as the scalp, is considered to be beveled at 45° to prevent transection of hair follicles. There is no consensus about the preferred incision angle on the brow.⁸

The beveled incision on the eyebrow is mainly used in facelift and brow lift surgeries. In our study, we used the same concept for simple elliptical excision of post-traumatic or post-burn scar tissue and tumor, and we placed a beveled incision which is parallel to the hair follicle at an angle of range of 20–45° to the skin. We found that beveled incisions helped to prevent transection of hair follicles and also promoted eyebrow esthetics.

In our study, a favorable angle for incision was found to be 20–45° in reference to skin. Feinendegen et al., in their study, identified that beveled 20° incision for brow repositioning and reshaping showed viable results while produced scars are imperceptible.⁸

Camirand and Doucet carried out a study of a comparison between parallel hairline incisions and perpendicular incisions when performing a facelift affirmed that perpendicular skin incisions are esthetically better than incisions parallel to the hair follicle, which is discordant with our study.⁹

For better cosmetic outcomes, we used non-absorbable (polyamide black) subcutaneous suture as it lasts for a lifetime, avoids widening of tissue, and ultimately avoids the appearance of railroad track scar or visible fibrotic scar.¹⁰

Despite being a difficult site to treat, a more excellent outcome was observed after simple elliptical excision and direct approximation of eyebrow defects in our study.

CONCLUSION

For reconstruction of eyebrow defects, simple excision and direct approximation with an angled incision along the direction of the hair follicle are the keys to good esthetic outcome. It avoids the transection of hair follicles as well as decreases the burden of complex advancement or rotational flat surgeries.