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Patient Perspectives on Hidradenitis Suppurativa-induced Scarring and Laser Therapy
Address for correspondence: Ms. Michelle Toker, Division of Dermatology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. E-mail: michelle.toker@einsteinmed.edu
This article was originally published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Dear Editor,
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating condition characterized by nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts, typically in the axillae, groin, and inframammary regions, leading to extensive scarring.[1] HS has established physical, social, and psychological consequences, and is associated with significantly lower body image quality of life (QOL) compared with other chronic dermatological conditions.[2] However, limited data exist regarding the direct impact of HS-related scarring. Laser and energy-based technologies, including plasma-radiofrequency ablation, fractionated carbon dioxide laser, and 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser, may be effective, noninvasive treatments for HS and residual scarring, with benefits such as reduction of hypertrophic scar thickness and improved texture.[3-5] We sought to explore the impact of HS scarring and assess patient attitudes about laser therapy.
Thirty-five adult patients with visible HS-related scars were consented and recruited from our HS Center to participate in an anonymous, IRB-approved, 24-question survey from August 2022 to February 2023 [Appendix 1].
Demographics and self-reported disease metrics were collected [Table 1]. The mean participant age was 33.6 ± 10.8 years (range 18–61) and most were female (82.9%). The most commonly affected sites were axillae (85.7%) and groin (71.4%). Regarding disease severity, 28.6% of participants reported they had mild HS, 48.6% reported moderate HS, and 20.0% reported severe HS. Three participants (8.6%) had previously tried laser hair removal for HS.
Demographics | x̄ ± SD; N (%) | N (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 33.6 ± 10.8 | |||
Sex | Male | 6 (17.1%) | Female | 29 (82.9%) |
Race | American Indian or Alaskan Native | 1 (2.9%) | Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 (0.0%) |
Asian | 2 (5.7%) | White | 7 (20.0%) | |
Black or African American | 19 (54.3%) | Other | 6 (17.1%) | |
Ethnicity | Hispanic | 11 (31.4%) | Non-Hispanic | 24 (68.6%) |
Self-reported disease metrics | x̄ ± SD; N (%) | N (%) | ||
Disease severity | Mild | 10 (28.6%) | Severe | 7 (20.0%) |
Moderate | 17 (48.6%) | |||
Disease duration | <1 year | 1 (2.9%) | 5–10 years | 6 (17.1%) |
1–3 years | 4 (11.4%) | >10 years | 18 (51.4%) | |
3–5 years | 6 (17.1%) | |||
Areas affected | Axillae | 30 (85.7%) | Infra-abdominal | 7 (20.0%) |
Groin | 25 (71.4%) | Buttocks | 14 (40.0%) | |
Inguinal | 21 (60.0%) | Pilonidal | 4 (11.4%) | |
Upper inner thigh | 16 (45.7%) | Face | 4 (11.4%) | |
Inframammary | 15 (44.1%) | Neck | 4 (11.4%) | |
Back | 1 (2.9%) | Scalp | 1 (2.9%) |
Most participants reported their HS scars interfere with participation in physical (60.0%), social (37.1%), and sexual (62.9%) activity, and clothing choices (62.9%). Most reported their scars negatively impact self-esteem (68.6%), self-confidence (65.7%), mood (68.6%), and overall QOL (51.4%) [Table 2]. Many responded they have heard about (42.9%) and were willing to try (82.9%) laser therapy for HS scar reduction. More participants were interested to try laser (82.9%) than topical therapy (77.1%), steroid injections (60.0%), and surgical procedures (45.7%) for scar reduction. In response to the question, “What do you know about laser therapy?,” 20(57.1%) participants responded they did not know much or anything. Of the 6(17.1%) participants not willing to try laser therapy, 1(16.7%) reported the reason related to cost, 3(50.0%) reported a lack of knowledge, and 2(33.3%) reported a lack of necessity. These participants had variable disease sites, duration, and severity, and 2(33.3%) were male. Twelve (50.0%) reported they would receive laser therapy if the out-of-pocket cost were $50/month, 7(29.2%) reported $100/month, 1(4.2%) reported $500/month, and 1(4.2%) reported unlimited cost. We recognize that the single-institution, cross-sectional design, relatively small sample size, and potential response bias limit our findings.
HS-related scars interfere with or negatively impact… | Yes N (%) | No N (%) |
---|---|---|
Physical activity/sports/exercise | 21 (60.0%) | 14 (40.0%) |
Attending beach/pool | 18 (51.4%) | 17 (48.6%) |
Wearing bathing suit | 20 (57.1%) | 15 (42.9%) |
Wearing clothing of choice | 22 (62.9%) | 13 (37.1%) |
Wearing certain fabrics | 17 (48.6%) | 18 (51.4%) |
Grooming | 30 (85.7%) | 5 (14.3%) |
Using certain skin products | 25 (71.4%) | 10 (28.6%) |
Work | 12 (34.3%) | 23 (65.7%) |
Hobbies | 11 (31.4%) | 24 (68.6%) |
Socialization | 13 (37.1%) | 22 (62.9%) |
Attending social events | 15 (42.9%) | 20 (57.1%) |
Going out in public | 11 (31.4%) | 24 (68.6%) |
Dating | 10 (28.6%) | 25 (71.4%) |
Sexual intimacy | 22 (62.9%) | 13 (37.1%) |
Self-esteem | 24 (68.6%) | 11 (31.4%) |
Self-confidence | 23 (65.7%) | 12 (34.3%) |
Mood | 24 (68.6%) | 11 (31.4%) |
Overall quality of life | 18 (51.4%) | 17 (48.6%) |
Outlook on life | 11 (31.4%) | 24 (68.6%) |
Which characteristics of HS-related scars bother you… | Yes N (%) | No N (%) |
Color | 28 (80.0%) | 7 (20.0%) |
Texture | 27 (77.1%) | 8 (22.9%) |
Pain | 31 (88.6%) | 4 (11.4%) |
Restriction in movement | 29 (82.9%) | 6 (17.1%) |
Limitation of daily activities | 29 (82.9%) | 6 (17.1%) |
Which physical manifestations of HS, other than scarring, bother you… | Yes N (%) | No N (%) |
Dyspigmentation | 25 (71.4%) | 10 (28.6%) |
Odor | 25 (71.4%) | 10 (28.6%) |
Draining | 34 (97.1%) | 1 (2.9%) |
Pain | 32 (91.4%) | 3 (8.6%) |
In conclusion, despite HS scarring being considered a primarily cosmetic concern, patients with HS scarring are notably affected by their scars. According to our results, affected individuals demonstrate great interest in laser therapy. Given the high patient appeal, future studies assessing the comparative efficacy of laser therapies for HS-related scarring are warranted. However, as laser therapy is not typically covered by insurance, out-of-pocket costs may be limiting. In addition, a lack of patient knowledge serves as an obstacle. These conclusions introduce the need for greater patient education regarding laser therapy and efforts to increase the affordability of laser therapy for HS patients.
Ethical policy and institutional review board statement
The study design was approved by the Einstein Institutional Review Board (IRB# 2022-14265).
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
- Natural history, presentation, and diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33:S51-3.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Body image quality of life in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa compared with other dermatological disorders. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100:adv00107.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Residual scarring from hidradenitis suppurativa: fractionated CO2 laser as a novel and noninvasive approach. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e248-51.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Histopathologic study of hidradenitis suppurativa following long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:21-8.
- [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Appendix 1: The Impact of Hidradenitis Suppurativa-Induced Scarring on Quality of Life Survey
The Impact of Hidradenitis Suppurativa-Induced Scarring on Quality of Life Survey
What is your age? _____________
What is your gender? ____________
Are you of Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish origin?
Yes
No
Prefer not to answer
How would you describe yourself? Check all that apply.
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
White
Other (please specify): _____________
Prefer not to answer
How long have you had HS?
<1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
>10 years
How would you describe your HS disease severity?
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Where does HS affect you? Check all that apply.
Axilla (underarms)
Groin (pubic hairline/ genitals)
Inguinal (bikini line/ creases)
Upper inner thigh
Inframammary (below breasts)
Infra-abdominal (below stomach/ stomach folds)
Buttocks
Pilonidal
Face
Neck
Other (please specify): ______________
What treatments have you received for HS? Check all that apply.
Topical antibiotics (clindamycin gel/lotion, Hibiclens)
Oral Antibiotics (rifampin, metronidazole, levofloxaxin, doxycycline, Bactrim, etc.)
IV antibiotics (ertapenem, ceftazidime/avibactam, vancomycin/zosyn)
Hormonal agents (finasteride, spironolactone, oral contraceptives/birth control)
Biologics (Humira, Infliximab, Skyrizi, etc.)
Injections (intralesional [directly into lesions], intramuscular [directly into buttocks])
Oral retinoids: Isotretinoin (Accutane), acitretin
Incision & Drainage
Surgery
Laser hair removal
Other (please specify): _____________
HS scars interfere with your participation in the following activities (check all that apply):
Physical activity/Sports/Working out/Dancing
Going to the beach or pool
Wearing a bathing suit
Wearing clothing of your choice
Wearing certain fabrics
Grooming (eg, shaving, waxing, deodorant)
Using certain skin products (eg, body soap, lotion, perfume)
Working
Hobbies
Being intimate with sexual partner
Other (please specify): _________
HS scars interfere with your social life by limiting your ability to (check all that apply):
Socialize with friends and family
Attend events or parties
Go out in public
Other (please specify): _________
HS scars interfere with your romantic life by limiting (check all that apply):
Dating
Meeting new partners
Sexual activity
Other (please specify): _________
HS scars negatively impact your (check all that apply):
Self-esteem
Overall quality of life
Mood
Self-confidence
Outlook on life
Other (please specify): _________
Which physical manifestation of HS bothers you the most? Rank from 1-6, with 1 being the most bothersome and 6 being the least bothersome.
_____ Scars
_____ Dyspigmentation
_____ Odor
_____ Draining
_____ Pain
_____ Other (please specify): _________
What bothers you the most about your HS scars in general? Rank from 1-6, with 1 being the most bothersome and 6 being the least bothersome.
______ Color
______ Texture
______ Pain
______ Restriction in movement
______ Limitation of daily activities
______ Other: (please specify): _________
How often do your HS scars interfere with your day-to-day life?
Every day
Most days
Some days
Rarely
Never
Questions 16-18 are on whether you agree with the following statements.
My HS scars have a negative impact on my mental health.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
My HS scars have a negative impact on my self-esteem.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
My HS diagnosis has made me a stronger person.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
Have you heard about the use of laser therapy for treating HS-related scarring?
Yes
No
What do you know about laser therapy?
______________________________________________________________
Would you be willing to try laser therapy for HS scar reduction?
Yes
No
If you answered No to question 21, please specify why:
_______________________________________________________________
If you answered Yes to question 21 and insurance does not cover laser treatment, which of the following ways would you be willing to cover the costs of the laser?
Out-of-pocket payment up to 50 per month
Out-of-pocket payment up to 100 per month
Out-of-pocket payment up to 500 per month
Out-of-pocket payment up to a certain amount per month. Please specify: _________
Out-of-pocket payment- any cost
Other (please specify): ________________
Which of the following therapies would you be willing to try for HS scar reduction? (check all that apply):
Topical therapy
Steroid injections
Laser
Surgical procedures
Other (please specify): ________________